Ubuhanga bwo gukora ibizunguruka mu mahanga bifite amateka yimyaka irenga 100 kandi bigabanijwemo ibice bitatu.
Icyiciro cya mbere (1838-1909)ni ubushakashatsi no kugerageza umusaruro.Kuri iki cyiciro, ubushakashatsi ku myumvire ikora umuzingo hamwe nicyuma gikonje gikomeje kugenda buhoro.Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryinganda zitwara inganda, ibyuma byubukonje bikozwe nuburyo bwo kuzunguruka ntibishobora kuba byujuje ibyifuzo byabakoresha.
Icyiciro cya kabiri (1910-1959)ni urwego rwo gushiraho no kumenyekanisha buhoro buhoro inzira yo gukora umuzingo.
Icyiciro cya gatatu (kuva 1960 kugeza ubu)nicyiciro cyiterambere ryihuse ryumusaruro ukora.Iterambere ryumusaruro wibyuma bikonje bikomoka mumahanga birashobora kuvugwa muburyo butandukanye:
1).Umusaruro ukomeje kwiyongera
Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960, umusaruro wibyuma byubukonje bwamahanga byiyongereye byihuse.Iyi niyo nzira rusange.Dukurikije imibare y’ibyuma bikonje bikonje mu bihugu bitandukanye uko imyaka yagiye ihita, umusaruro w’ibyuma bikozwe mu mbeho n’umusaruro w’ibyuma wagiye uhagaze neza ku kigero runaka.Ni 1.5: 100 kugeza 4: 100.Kurugero, gahunda yiterambere yateguwe n’icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti mu 1975 yateganyaga ko umusaruro w’ibyuma bikonje bikonje mu 1990 uzagera kuri 4% by’ibyuma biva mu byuma.Hamwe nogutezimbere uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro ibyuma bikonje bikonje, ibisobanuro byibicuruzwa nubwoko bikomeje kwiyongera, kandi ubwiza bwibicuruzwa bukomeje gutera imbere Urwego rwo gusaba rugenda rwiyongera.Icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti cyongeye kugenzura gahunda y’iterambere ry’umwimerere mu 1979, giteganya ko kizagera kuri 5% mu 1990. Ibindi bihugu bimwe na bimwe birateganya kongera umusaruro w’ibyuma bikonje.Ubu umusaruro wibyuma bikonje bikomoka mumahanga ni toni miliyoni 10 kumwaka.Ifite 3% byibyuma byisi yose.
2).Ibikorwa byubushakashatsi biriyongera
Ibikorwa byubushakashatsi kubyerekeranye no kuzunguruka, gukora inzira no gukora ibikoresho byimbitse mumahanga, kandi hari intambwe imaze guterwa mubushakashatsi bwakozwe muburyo bukoreshwa bwibyuma bikonje.Kurugero, icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti na Amerika bakoresheje mudasobwa za elegitoronike kugira ngo bige ku mbaraga n'ibipimo by'ingufu mu buryo bwo kugonda ubukonje no gushakisha uburyo bwo guhindura ibintu hakoreshejwe ingufu nkeya.
3).Inzira nshya zikomeje kugaragara
Kuva gahunda yo gukora umuzingo yizwe neza muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika muri 1910, nyuma yimyaka mirongo yo gutera imbere no gutungana, inzira yo gushiraho imaze gukura.Nkuko ingaruka za tekiniki nubukungu byibyuma bikonje bikonje mubikorwa bifatika bigenda byamenyekana, ibyuma byubukonje bikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye byubukungu bwigihugu.Abakoresha bafite byinshi kandi bisabwa cyane kugirango ubuziranenge bwibyuma bikonje, kandi bisaba gutandukanya ubwoko nibisobanuro.Ibi biteza imbere gukomeza kunoza imikorere yo kuzuza kugirango uhuze ibyifuzo byabakoresha.Ibihugu by’amahanga byafashe ingamba zo gukora ibizunguruka kandi biteza imbere ibikoresho bijyanye.Imashini Ihagaritse Imashini ifite imashini icomeka, igizwe nigice cyo guhinduranya hamwe no guhinduranya imizingo ivugwa nka CTA unit (Central Tool Adjustment), igikoresho kigororotse.
4) Ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bigenda byiyongera, kandi imiterere yibicuruzwa ihora ivugururwa.
Hamwe niterambere ryumusaruro wibyuma bikonje no kwaguka kurwego rwo gukoreshwa, ubwoko butandukanye bwibyuma bikonje bikomeje kwiyongera, imiterere yibicuruzwa ihora ivugururwa, kandi ibipimo byibicuruzwa bigenda byiyongera.Hamwe nogukomeza kugaragara kwikoranabuhanga rishya, urutonde rwibikoresho bya bilet nibisobanuro biraguka.Ubu hariho amoko arenga 10,000 hamwe nibisobanuro byibyuma bikonje bikorerwa mumahanga.Ibisobanuro byibyuma bikonje bikonje kuva kuri 10mm kugeza kuri 2500mm, n'ubugari 0.1 mm ~ 32mm.Dufatiye ku bikoresho by'ibyuma bikonje, ahanini byari ibyuma bya karubone mbere ya za 70, bingana na 90%.Kuva mu myaka ya za 70, hifashishijwe igereranya rya tekiniki nubukungu ryagereranijwe mubikorwa bifatika, gukoresha ibyuma bifite imbaraga nkeya-nkeya, ibyuma bivangavanze hamwe nicyuma kitagira umuyonga bituma igipimo cyibicuruzwa bisanzwe bya karubone bigabanuka uko umwaka utashye, n’igipimo cy’ibyuma bivanze, imbaraga-nkeya-ibyuma-byuma-byuma nibicuruzwa bidafite ingese byiyongera uko umwaka utashye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-04-2022